Technological Advancements :: essays papers

Technological AdvancementsOn November 7, 1940 the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was hit by winds of up to40mph. The bridge began to twist and flutter. Some cables snapped and asix-hundred foot section of the bridge fell into Puget Sound. Wind isbut one disaster, earthquakes ar another (Jay Stuller 36). Disasterslike this one and others could have been avoided if the properprecautions had been taken. Due to the disasters in the world thestructures of today and tomorrow are much safer. Today most of thesecatastrophes are avoided because of the up to date technology, likearchitecture, predicting the disasters before hand and new techniques apply by emergency rescue teams. Some major advances in todaysbuildings include such things like the material used. For instanceproducts like steel- beef up cover (refer to diagram 3-1), steelframing, and properly braced wood frames for houses are a few examplesof how buildings are being retrofitted and new buildings are beingbuilt towards guard from disa sters. As well, the foundations ofthe buildings can be built on shock absorbing base isolatorscontaining springs or alternating layers of steel plates and rubber, tocounteract the effects of earthquakes.In japan architectures have been keeping mind earthquakes whiledesigning and building structures. Unfortunately the buildings weremainly designed to obtain a vertical force. The Japanese buildingswere designed to withstand a certain acceleration force, but in January1995, an earthquake hit the city Kobe devastating the buildings, whichwere thought to be safe. It just shows, that building design criteriaare crucial to withstanding effects of earthquakes (Gerad Baker 12).The normal Japanese wooden houses that had heavy roofs collapsed, andalso newer homes were demolished, as seen on diagram 3-2. This couldhave been avoided by building the houses with illumination plywood frameswith crossbars that distribute force evenly rather than houses withheavy timber walls that collapse under fo rce. As well the materialsused to build the structures has a gravid deal to do with the survivalrate of buildings. The use of reinforced concrete is thought to be amajor reason why buildings stay intact. It is realistic to reinforceolder buildings with extra concrete simply and effectively, which hasbeen done in California since 1989. Bridges, a totally differentaspect of building, but a precise similar method for creating soundstructures. During the Kobe earthquake the Hanshin expressway collapsedon its side for a stretch of 600m (pictures seen on page 5). This typeof roadway is built upon reinforced concrete pillars. There is steelinside the pillars to increase its ability to bend and flex with the

CFC (Chlorofluorocarbons) :: science

CFCThe beginning of the CFC(chlorofluorocarbons) era started in 1928, when CFC were invented by a Du Pont chemist. CFC were best cognise as freons and became famous as a safe, nonflammable refrigerant. Its invention became a great triumph when Freon took the place of sulfur dioxide or ammonia which was used as the working liquid in refrigerators. It eventually became widely used in automobile air conditioners and nontoxic propellants in aerosol cans. Its insulating properties also was used for blowing agents for plastics and suds cups. Thus CFCs became used all over the world and its business got bigger and bigger until late in 1973. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, two distinguished chemists, came up with a impress result in his calculations concerning the CFCs and ozone layer. CFCs are basically vacant in the troposphere(around the altitude of 50,000 feet) so it would gradually drift upward until they reached the mid-stratosphere.(about 100,000 feet) At this point CFCs would be disturbed down by short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation from the sun. This radiation is the one which would not reach the lower atmosphere in large amounts be sweat of the ozone layer. When these CFCs do brake down, they released atomic chlorine which then would react with the ozone and convert it back into plain oxygen. The even worse part of all this is that these chlorine molecules do not become inactive after the first reaction with the ozone and would be available to destroy more than ozone molecules. Thus this process would be the function of a catalyst a mavin chlorine atom involved in a chain reaction to destroy many ozone molecules. Rowland and Molina eventually agreed that this thinning of the ozone shield can cause a catastrophe for Earths living beings, including humans, by allowing large amounts of the deadly ultraviolet-B radiation to reach to Earths surface. Rowland and Molina checked their calculations again and again to make sure that these figures had not a single mistake in it because this conclusion was likely to destroy an $8 billion industry already in the United States. However, the lives of the living beings were far more important than businesses so in 1974 Rowland and Molina, having their calculations checked by their colleagues, explained their theory in a paper in the eminent scientific journal Nature. Later the plainly reasonable conclusion they drew out was that the use of CFCs be banned. When these calculations were released to the public, Du Pont, the major CFC manufacturer, did everything they can to convince the people that the calculations were unproven and theoretical.

Free Essays - Writing Style of A Farewell to Arms :: Farewell Arms Essays

The Writing Style of A Farewell to Arms    Hemingway became a newspaper writer in Kansas City as a young man and, in 1918, he joined the Red Cross to become an ambulance driver just exchangeable the character, Frederick Henry.  This parti all toldy autobiographical novel is a combination of Hemingways personal experiences in war and writing.  Hemingways life gave him the refinement that he needed for the inspirational language of the novel.  He inspires us with his journalistic directness, sensory detail and his different writing styles that reflect the moods of the characters. Critics usually describe Hemingways style as simple, spare, and journalistic. These are all good row they all apply. Perhaps because of his training as a newspaperman, Hemingway is a master of the declarative, subject-verb-object sentence. His writing has been likened to a boxers punches--combinations of lefts and rights coming at us without pause. Take the following portrayal We were a ll cooked. The thing was not to recognize it. The last country to realize they were cooked would win the war. We had another drink. Was I on somebodys staff? No. He was. It was all balls (Hemingway PAGE ). The style gains power because it is so full of sensory detail.  There was an inn in the trees at the Bains de lAllaiz where the woodcutters stopped to drink, and we sat inwardly warmed by the stove and drank hot red wine with spices and lemon in it. They called it gluhwein and it was a good thing to warm you and to celebrate with. The inn was dark and smoky inside and afterward when you went out the cold air came sharply into your lungs and numbed the edge of your nose as you inhaled (Hemingway PAGE ).   The simplicity and the sensory richness flow directly from Hemingways and his characters--beliefs. The punchy, bright language has the immediacy of a news bulletin these are facts, Hemingway is telling us, and they cant be ignored. And just as Frederic Henry comes to a pprehension abstractions like patriotism, so does Hemingway distrust them. Instead he seeks the concrete, the tangible hot red wine with spices, cold air that numbs your nose. A simple good becomes higher praise than another writers delineate of decorative adjectives. Though Hemingway is best known for the tough simplicity of style as seen in the first passage cited above, if we take a close verbalism at A

The Narrators Metamorphosis in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay

The Narrators Metamorphosis in Ralph Ellisons Invisible ManA unadulterated glance at the title of Ralph Ellisons book, Invisible Man, stimulates questions such as, Who is this man? and, more importantly, Why is this man invisible? The anonymous narrator of Ellisons novel begins by assure the reader that he is, in fact, a real person and is not invisible in the Hollywood sense of the term, but, rather, invisible simply because people disdain to see him for who he really is (3). The actions of both blacks and whites toward the anonymous narrator of the novel during his search for identity lead him to this conclusion. The narrator begins the story of his realization of his invisibility at the end of his high school days, as an intelligent and diligent student in an unidentified southern U.S. state in the early part of the twentieth century. Upon giving an excellent spoken communication about the role humility plays in progress, prominent members of the community invite him to recite the speech once again at a gathering of the towns leading white citizens (17). At the meeting, though, the high-ranked members of the community force the narrator and other black boys to participate in what the narrator terms a battle royal, in which they fight each other and attempt to pull fake plastic coins from an electric rug. The narrator proceeds to win the battle royal, and presents his speech to the wealthy men (17). Throughout the delivery of his speech, they mock and harass him, failing to see who he really is. The schools superintendent then rewards him with a scholarship to college. Because of the nifty reward and the doors the reward opens up, the narrator accepts the subhuman treatment as normal. Still a weak character, he allows people to... ...s dramatically. He now realizes people do not and will not see him for who he is, and yet he is willing to play the part in society he feels he must(prenominal) play.Works Cited and ConsultedBone, Robert. The Negro Novel i n America. New Haven Yale U P, 1966.________.Ralph Ellison and the uses of the Imagination. Ralph Ellison A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. John Hersey. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974.Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. 1952. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1987.Gates, Henry L., younger ed. Black Literature and Literary Theory. New York Methuen, 1984.Hersey, John, ed. Ralph Ellison A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall, 1974.Kartiganer, Donald M., and Malcolm Griffith. Theories of American Literature. New York Macmillan, 1972.Smith, Anthony D. The Ethnic Revival. Cambridge Cambridge U P, 1981.

Early Roman History Essay -- History

Early roman print HistoryAs Greece reached the height of its prosperity capital of Italy which lye slightly to the west slowly began its rise as a civilization. The Greeks centered their finale around Art and literature whereas opposed to the Romans who settled their culture upon warfare and leadership. Without planning, would rise very steadily as an empire. Shortly before Christ most of the surrounding cities and nations were at peace under Romes rule. Early Romans unploughed no written records. Their history is so mixed up with fables and myths that historians create difficulty distinguishing fact from fiction. Historians only know of two early works of Roman history, the history of Livy and the Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The old legends say that Romulus founded the city in 753 BC. Romulus was a mythical person, but there is some evidence that the kings who are said to have followed him actually existed. Shortly before 600 BC several Etruscan princes fro m conquered Rome across the Tiber River. Taraquinius Priscus, the first of the Etruscan kings, drained the citys marshes. Servius Tullius, the second Etruscan king, made a pact with the Latin cities, which acknowledged Rome as the head of all Latium. The last king, Tarquinius Superbus, was a tyrant who opposed the people scorned religion. Under the rule of the Etruscans, Rome grew in importance and power. Great temples and impressive public works were constructed. Trade prospered and by the end of the 6...

Essay on the Gods in Euripides Medea :: Euripides Medea Essays

Antigone Medea has just killed four people which atomic number 18 Creon the king of Corinth, the princess whom Jason is in love with, and her two little children. Jason wherefore prays to gods, especially Zeus, father of all gods, to punish Medea for her crimes. From the context of the quote, the chorus is addressing the audience about the unexpected and unbelievable end of the play. Medea then gets away to Athens with a chariot lent to her by Helios, the sun god and her grandfather. Euripides always uses this kind of conclusion to end most of his works. Euripides suggests that the general theme of the quote is gods are not like what we think they are supposed to be. In other words, we can not expect much from the gods. Instead, we have to handle our matters on our own. The phrase, Many are the Fates which Zeus in Olympus dispenses, tells us that gods do not favor mortal people. Even if gods do help mortals, thats only because those mortals have some kind of blood with the gods. So, Euripides tells this story not in favor of the gods. The general thems is gods are not as good as they are supposed to be. Medea has been exiled for three times from her photographic plate country near the Black Sea, from Jasons homeland Iolchos, and now from the city of Corinth. We would naturally think that a woman like Medea, being exiled for many times, is the most unprotected and most powerless woman. She has got no friend and no citizenship. At the time of Euripides, being an exile is not an interesting position that a person wants to be in. It is like a suicide. Most people at that time in Greece view strangers as barbarians with no intelligence at all. In addition, Medea is going to be an exile with two children. She is supposed to be in lots of trouble. On the other hand, Jason has won the princess of Corinths love. He is going to be Creons son-in-law. Jason abandons Medea after all she has do for him. Jason doesnt fear Medea at all because he has support from Creo n, king of Corinth. Jason is supposed to be more powerful than Medea. Jason is the son-in-law of the king and Medea is an exile. But, as Euripides suggests, what the audience expects doesnt come on-key at all.

Book Review Wild Swans Essay

1. Main ThesisIn Wild Swans, Jung Chang describes the disembodied spirit of three generations of woman in her family. Beginning in the year 1909 and termination in present clipping, it gives an insight into almost eighty years of the furorural history of China. Jung Chang has said in a interview that her intention in composing Wild Swans was to show how the Chinese state, and in particular the women in her family, fought tenaciously and courageously against impossible odds. The book is a testimony to the strength and determination of her grandmother, her mother, and herself and their imagery in recreating themselves during suffering, humiliation and disillusionment. She interweaves personal and historical stories fluently and the stories of these women and their families act as a lens with which you gain insight into the turbulent history of 20th century China. The most important themes in this book are love of family, loyalty and self-sacrifice2. Chapter SummariesThe book s tarts by relating the biography of Changs grandmother, Yu-fang. After the have of Changs mother, De-hong, the book moves to her story. After the birth of the Jung Chang, the focus of the book now shifts again to cover Jungs own autobiography.Chapter 1The father of Yu-fang, was Yang Ru-shan, born in 1894 as the provided son. It was his duty to produce heirs to continue the family name. One a year after he married he got a fille, Yu-fang. Political zymosis caused problems for legion(predicate) in China over the next years. He arranges that a powerful warlord general, Xue Zhi-heng takes Yu-Fang as his concubine at age fifteen. The general stays only a few days after the traditional marriage and then leaves, not returning for six years. During his next brief visit, Yu-Fang pay offs pregnant. The generals class is run by his legal wife and the head concubines. The wife immediately lays claim to Yu-Fangs daughter, who the general named Bao Qin. Yu-Fang kidnaps her daughter and esc apes from the household. She lies, saying that the child died during their trip. When the general dies, Yu-Fang discovers that bingle of his final actions was to release her from her duties as his concubine.Chapter 2Soon after, Dr. Xia, a matured doctor of Manchurian ancestry, falls in love with Jungs grandmother and the feelings could be felt the same from Jung Changs grandmother as well. The doctor proposes and grandmother says yes. Although not thrilled with the marriage, Jung Changs grandmothers father agrees to the marriage and sends her daughter off with a traditional wedding. When Dr. Xias three sons, their wives, and grandchildren hear about the marriage, theyre extremely angry. The grandmother receives quite a bit of harassment from the family and the first son even poses suicide, nevertheless(prenominal) the wedding still continues. He accepts Yu-Fangs daughter, who he renames De-hong, meaning virtue and wild swan.Chapter 3China is existent under Nipponese rule. After moving to a new province of Manchuria, Jung Changs grandmother, now living with Dr. Xia, begins to realize how terrible life is under the Japanese. The Japanese rulers are really cruel. The multitude are only allowed to eat acorn meal and sorghum, as the Second World War drags on, fewer rations and supplies are given to the people in Manchuria as Japan is losing the war. Finally, an American B-52 bomber flies overhead and she realizes that Japan had indeed lost the war. As Japans last officers commit suicide or run away, the townsfolk is in chaos just like the rest of Manchuria.Chapter 4The Japanese are replaced by Soviets who were almost as bad. They pillaged and raped, taking what they wanted and dismantling entire factories. However, they soon leave and the Kuomintang arrives in shining uniforms and rifles. The Kuomintang turns out to be oppressive and ineffective at memory justice and peace. The remaining Japanese are systematically murdered by the Russians and the Kuominta ng. After a while the country is in a civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communists. De-hong sees communism becoming increasingly important to many people but has yet to make up her own mind about the situation. She continues to beguile those in power, including those over the teaching school where she now resides. When she learns that a favorite teacher and then her best friend, Cousin Hu, had been Communists and had been either chased from the city or executed for their political beliefs, she makes up her mind that she, too, will become a Communist.Chapter 5De-hong asks to be a part of the communist movement but shes found too young. A short time later, she begins distributing Communist literature. The economic situation is so bad that the family has no savings and Dr. Xia, now nearly eighty, is in a bad way(p) about what will happen when he dies. Extortion is rampant, food is scarce, and the money that does exist has almost no value. De-hong becomes friendly with a Kuomin tang general. Using his military freedom, they travel remote the walled city occasionally and De-hong leaves messages for her Communist counterparts.. The Communists then start regular bombardment of the city, including one dud shell that crashes into the home of De-hongs family.Chapter 6De-Hong helps clean up the carnage cause by all the civil war. When the communists take over the town, they do not pillage, rape, or extort as all the other groups of people had done before them. Many are courteous and kind and seem to be the fit kind of soldiers who destroyed the Kuomintang. When De-Hong reports to receive her first assignment for the communists, she instantaneously falls in love with a dreamy man, named Wang Yu, who was a high ranking communist official. He had been on many dangerous missions with the communists and rose through the ranks by being extremely loyal to the society and its ideals of sever equality. The two and several other teachers and students travel by train to another communist held town for fear that the town may be retaken by the Kuomintang and there, the two fall in love. Wang Yu at last submits a request to talk about marriage to the party leaders and the two are engaged and finally married.Chapter 7Changs parents join a group of people traveling south. The trip is dangerous as civil war is still raging. The walk is long and hard, walking forty days to reach their destination, Nanjing. Her mother is forced to walk but her father is allowed to resist in a jeep, a privilege he accepts. De-hong is soon pregnant though she doesnt realize it until shes in the process of miscarrying because of the ordeal. Shes very heartbroken and angry at her husband. After the miscarriage, her parents are separated because of his transfer to Yibin. It takes her four months to recover and then make the trip to him. During that time, her anger has cooled and they are blessed to see each other.Chapter 8When Changs parents arrive in Yibin, her father is ap pointed leader and returns to a form of his former name, Chang Shou-yu. He and her mother buy the farm together in a mansion confiscated by the Communists. Changs grandmother, Fang-Yu, despite her bound feet and difficulty walking, makes the long trek from Jinzhou to Yibin to see De-hong. De-hong gives birth to her first daughter, Xiao-hong.Chapter 9This chapter tells of her moms life as being in the Public Affairs Department in Yibin. She tells of living with a denouncing of her grandmother, the birth of herself and the strictness of her father. creation part of the Communist was hard and had many of its hardships. Having a husband was harder for her mother than anything else.Chapter 10Changs mother goes under suspicion during the course of this chapter. Being that she had about relations with Kuomintang participants she went under suspicion. But, after all that she had to go through, she was able to be free of any charges.Chapter 11During this chapter, monoamine oxidase decides to purge the Communist party again. This time devises that most people are rightists and need to leave the party, which ruin their lives forever. However, he got help this time and made all of his officials get rid of 5 % of their constitutional participants. In the end, Changs mother was able to get to this quota after many different approaches of convicting people of being a rightist.Chapter 12A shortfall strikes the disembark of China during this chapter. Many people die and starve from this famine all because Mao decides to make this situation look like their wasnt a famine at all. Mao wanted to produce steel which led to a drop in production of food which leads to the famine. But, the famine gets cleared after Mao lets others to take charge of the situation.Chapter 13Chang describes life in a compound during this chapter. Moving into a compound was for Chang and her siblings to go to a very nice and esteemed school. Living in a compound was very contained with its many ente rtainment locations. There was no need to go outside the compound for any reason. She overly tells of how nice her life was as a child, living in a home where she was a good kid and her family noticed that.Chapter 14This chapter describes the event that occurred with the cult of Mao. Many youths were forced into living like Lei Fang, a man who had a huge fondness for president Mao and living his entire life revolving around him. Education included studying the lyric of Lei Fang and viewing the beatings of class-enemies.Chapter 15After hearing about the collapse of Stalins Russia, Mao accomplished that he represented a Stalin figure waiting to be overthrown by his own people. In order to stop this from happening, Mao endorses books called The Quotations of Chairman Mao. This book contained his quotes and would be used to strengthen his popularity with the Chinese. In short, Maos control over China tightened throughout this chapter.Chapter 16Not until, chapter 16 did Maos rule bec ome apparent. Mao issued the use of Red Guards who he said protected and fought for Mao (in other words his own police force). Most of these Red Guards came from the families of high officials and came as teenagers. These Red Guards reinforced Maos word and rule and when someone was betraying Mao, he or she would be beaten, raided, tortured, or executed.Chapter 17Jung Changs father starts to question Maos actions and asks whether if the actions of the Chinese are justified. Eventually Jung Changs father writes a earn to Mao explaining the wrongs of Maos actions (which in the words of Mao, was considered against Mao and could face charges such as death). He soon serves time in detention. Also he starts to oppose Maos thoughts and expresses them out loud which can lead to very harsh outcomes.Chapter 18To summarize this chapter, Jung Chang and her friends make a pilgrimage to Peking. The polish of this pilgrimage to see the Great Chairman Mao. Chapter 19 The control of Mao switches i nto high gear. Because her parents become branded as capitalist-roaders they suffer from many brutal denunciation meetings, beatings, harassment, and embarrassment. They are hurt for their crime of being capitalist roaders and bitterness starts to arise because they were only ever loyal to Mao.Chapter 20Jung Changs father soon serves time in detention (due to sending another letter to Mao) and his wife makes a trip to Peking in order to speak to post-mortem examination Zhou Enlai, who she believes could help in their situation. On her way to Peking she meets two lovers Yan and Yong who join her. Finally with the help of Premier Zhou Enlai, Jung Changs father no longer served in detention. However, this does not end well. While in detention the guard watching over Jung Chans father plays mind games with him and convinces him that his wife created a conspiracy against him. Things got out of hand causing them to sleep in seperate areas and forces Jung Changs fathers mental and physica l health to deteriorate (which later, his health imporved). conterminous more denunciation meetings hold misery for the parents.Chapter 21Chapter 21 discusses some of the events that occured within her family. (her siblings) For example, Xiao-heis becomes a member of a gang and Jin-mings glum market book experience. Along with these events being told, she tells of people drawing lines between their enemies and friends, sometimes causing friends to betray each other. Luckily her friends did not tell on Jung Chang which relates back to the title of the chapter, Giving Charcoal in the Snow, that refers to helping out others when needed. Also in this chapter, Jung Chang experiences her first time in a university.Chapter 22Within this chapter, Mao institutes the idea of thought domesticate through labor. The intentions of this quote made Communists all around China to go to the countryside and work aboard the peasants (Jung Chang was sent to Ningnan). Mao said that it would make the Communists closer to China. Sadly, at the end of the chapter, the friends of Jung Chang pronounced her grandmother dead.Chapter 23To summarize this chapter, Jung Chang pursues her career as a barefoot doctor. Mao defined barefoot doctors as doctors that could be turned out en masse. However, before she became a barefoot doctor she was relocated to another peasant village, Deyang, where she learns of what happened to China before the Cultural Revolution.Chapter 24With her entire family on the mission of completing thought reform through labor, Jung Chang decides to visit her parents who can be found in separate locations. Her mother in Buffalo Boy Flatland and her father in a labor camp. While visiting her father, she tries to cheer him up by keeping him company. Eventually other family members come visit which allowed her father to not suffer from suicidal thoughts and whatnot. In the end, Jung Changs father apologizes to Jin-ming, her brother, about their current situation and pas t events.Chapter 25In this chapter, Jung Chang takes her career in being an electrician. In her factory, she meets Day and eventually they both fall in love. However, it becomes shortlived because of their different social status. In the end, Jung Changs father dies and she enrolls into an english university.Chapter 26Education in China becomes less stressed, however those who had connections with officials became legible to enter universities, through the process which later became known as using the back door. Teachings elements became based on Mao as well as military tactics and defending the country.Chapter 27This chapter gives rise to the death of Jung Changs father. Her father died due to a heart attack which a doctor refused to see immediately. In his honor, an elaborate funeral was held for Jung Changs father. After the funeral, Jung Changs school decides to go on a field trip to the Chinese port, Zhanjiang, where the students could work their English with the incoming and outgoing sailors. At the end of the chapter, Jung Changs Party secretary announces the death of Chairman Mao.Chapter 28After the death of Mao, the Chinese become a bit confused on what they should do. The idea of studying in the West became very prominent, as the government handed out scholarships for those wanting to go to the West. The story ends as Jung Chang traveled to the West in search of broadening her horizons and experiencing more freedom.

Chapter

Why? Found it re eithery interesting that Gerry had Stan tell so many previous(predicate) recollections in a speech with push through spending time talking astir(predicate) them individually. This technique makes sense so that the stories form a pattern, only it was surprising to me. The close to interesting aspect of the early recollections that Stan spoke of, was that he felt that all the past memories were not as emotional as the one with the kitten. I would squander expected macrocosm shout at in very holding would rush been a s comeening realization.But, the memories, opposite than the one closely the kitten, were ones he had already thought about prior to the session, so maybe he had already processed the emotions of them in a way. If you were counseling Stan from this particular theoretical frame go away, what is one additional technique you might character? What would you consent to accomplish with this intervention? I would collect encouraged Stan to make the connection of his memories of his pargonnts being all filled with anxiety and yelling, and ask if those memories reflect anything in his up-to-date relationship with them.If you were the client, how would you be apt(predicate) to respond to the therapists (Jerseys) comments and interventions in this particular session? If I were Stan would have been very interested in the connections between my early memories and my personate life. I would be exited to write eat up much memories in hopes of recuperateing even more connections to current views, thoughts, or habits. Connections, like these, ar fascinating.ChapterAfter the nuisance had already been unleashed in Europe, one of the introductory reactions was populate believing that perfection had unleashed the deadly complaint, as depicted in Giovanni Ceramics (Doc 3) illustration of angels, coming down from the heavens, delivering their cursors of expiration unto the people. Sarcasms ac acquaintances that some people were a ble to escape the arrow of the Black Death in the translation of his illustration. As an apothecary, it makes sense hat he views the iniquity as being delivered by arrows, because normally disease does not affect everyone.Disease, like arrows bypass those who argon immune and strike those that are not immune. Another delineation of the chivy by an anonymous source (Doc 6) illustrates that a divine entity was delivering the plague to those on earth. The common belief that God ca apply the plague shows how many people were sacred and believed in God and thought that He was punishing them. An alternate view of the plague was blame. Many people blamed the Jews, hill others blamed God and dodge themselves in hopes of God intervening. Biochip (Doc 2) discusses that people would torture themselves, the Flagellants, in hopes of Gods mercy.This response to the plague was very erratic that somewhat logical because even though they suffer themselves, it was for a reason, a environ for Gods help. With a kind-heartedistic point of view, Biochip believes that there is a more scientific approach to conquering the plague instead of hoping God bequeath come down from the heavens and intervene and help the Flagellants. On the other hand, many people blamed the Jews, for instance when they were cremated in Strasbourg, Germany on Valentines sidereal day (Doc 7) where the Jews were alleged to have poisoned the water supply, in which case they were all burned.This response was make out of hatred, the Jews were a scapegoat because no one really knew how the plague came to be. Many people acted angrily and erratically in hopes Of ending the plague which ended in even more death. The Black Plague had a study effect on the universe of dis pipeline in Europe at the time it ravaged finished the continent. The pre-plague population (Doc 9) in Europe was approximately 83 million, only if after the plague ran its eat, the population subsequently decreased to 60 million.The plague had a major(ip) pros and cons to it. A pro would be the fact that it led to the rebirth Era while a con would be the major loss of life in Europe. The closely(prenominal) popular focalise of death or where most people died (Doc 8) would be the Holy Roman Empire fol unkepted by France. The signifi quite a littlece of the amount of death in these dickens theatres is important because it al diminisheds us to recognize that these two areas had he spank overpopulation, living conditions, famine, or economic depression over all of Europe.Even though the plague was a traumatic and insane experience for those who lived through the Bubonic Plague, but without the plague, perhaps the most important era that led to the spread of information, knowledge, and prosperity. People today are able to look how people during the plague responded to disease and now are able to use their reactions to guide future reactions and help resolve the problems people faced backward then.ChapterStat e plot shows the give ins of the objects and how those states turn. chronological succession plat only shows the message fundamental interactions among the objects. 4. Mention and describe three various views used in architectural heading. architectural design is a high aim view of the system. It can be described with logical view intends the decomposition of a system and how those parts work with each other physical architectural view represents the mapping of the package to the sonorousware process view represents the run- time processes and flow of the system. 5.What is the difference between information graveling and logical data plant design? In data modeling we are instructing and showing the Entity-Relationship among the objects. In logical data base design, the E-R diagram is converted to the bents of tables and relationships among the tables. 6. What is the difference between low fidelity prototypes and high fidelity prototypes? Low fidelity prototypes are qui ck hand drawn screens using markers, gestate-it notes, post cards, and/or cut out images to represent the screens of the system. Simple mockup sketch of the target product.High fidelity prototypes are screens created using a tool to design the screens. These screens look and copy the bearing of the future screens of the system. An example of a tool is visual basic with the use of hide and show. Detailed mockup resembling and behaving close to the final product. 7. Discuss Figure 7. 26 with regard to the substance ab drug users interaction the screens interaction and the systems interaction (process). The user chew the fats the Registration Screen for the Spring 2012, using the overlook lash All drifts they would select a course and click the button Add Course.The screen would show the representation seen at the top of Figure 7. 26 initially. This screen would react to the users usage of the drop box (showing a scrollable list of he available courses and showing the course sel ected). When the user has selected a course and clicked Add Course the screen would send the information to the adaption and when the Registration returns success it would show the help screen in Figure 7. 26. The systems interaction shown in Figure 7. 26 begins with the Registrations object passing the registration information to the section object.This section object inescapably to check if the student has the prerequisites for the course. If the Boolean returned is True then the message Add(student) is sent to students object. Note another sequence diagram would represent Boolean = treasonably. 8. explicate Adding a course from section 7. 3. 4. 1 using Normals 7 Stage Model. 1 Form a goal -? add Engle 201 1 The user (student) forms the goal l need to add Engle 2011 to my schedule. 2 Form an intention find Engle 201 1 The user (student) forms the intention on the screen shown in 7. 26 to find Engle 201 1 in the drop box. Specify the action mouse can show courses in the dro p box The user will decide to use the mouse to click and hold blossom the drop box and bear upon the mouse down until he/she sees the Engle 2011 course. reach the action The user moves the mouse to the arrow in the drop box and clicks when he/she is on the arrow of the drop box. 5 Perceive the system state (feedback) he/she sees the drop box open with multiple courses in a list. 6 Interpret the feedback he/she sees the Engle 201 1 7 Evaluate because the user sees the course they evaluate Success to their intention.Note They would continue with the following(a) intention to click Add Course. 9. contention the four components of the GYMS model for user interfaces. The 4 factors of GYMS model are Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules 10. Explain how the Model-View-controller architectural ardour is done using HTML-Script-SQL. The Model-View-Controller (MFC) architectural style is done with HTML as the View of the system and SQL as a database. The database has the m odel of the system. PH is the script used as the controller for the system. Chapter 8 1 .examination What are the two general characteristics of a design that naturally post over from requirements? declaration The design is an ontogeny from requirements. So the two general characteristics of a) consistency and b) completeness of requirements usually carry over to the design. 2. motility What is Menaces climatic complexness play a) attempting to rhythm, and b) what is the climatic complexity number of a program A that contains 3 binary star predicates (or branches)? Answer a) Menaces climatic complexity number measures the control flow complexity of software. ) Using the simple formula of (if binary branches + 1), the climatic number of program A is (3+1 ) or 4. 3. head What is a program slice? Answer A program slice is the set of statements that can affect the value of some specified variable of interest in the program. 4. Question What are gingiva tokens and super gumwood tokens, and which type nutrients more to cohesion? Answer Glue tokens are data tokens that lie in more than one data-slice, and super glue tokens are data tokens that lie in every data-slice. The super glue tokens contribute more to cohesion because they lie in every data slice. 5. Question What is software cohesion?Answer gumminess is a characteristic that describes the degree of relatedness within the software. 6. Question What are the levels of cohesion? Answer There are 7 levels of cohesion listed in the order of worst to trump coincidental, logical, temporal, procedural, communicational, sequential, and national. 7. Question What is software bring together? Answer Coupling is a characteristic that describes the degree of interdependence or interaction among the parts within the software. 8. Question What are the levels of coupling? Answer There are 5 levels of coupling listed in the order of worst to best content, common, control, stamp, and data. . Question What are the six design measurements of C-K metrics in 00? Answer They are a) weighted number of methods per class, b) depth of inheritance tree of the class, c) number of children of a class, d) coupling between objects, e) number of espouses to a class message, and f) lack of cohesion among methods in a class 10. Question In contrast to general design, what is user interface design interested in? Answer The general software design is concerned about the software components, their characteristics and their interactions.User interface design is focused on the interaction between the software and its human users thus both software and human attributes are of concern in user interface design. 1 1 . Question List four out of the eight rules of user interface design identified by Seminarian and Pleasant. Answer There are in truth 8 a) consistency, b) roved short cuts, c) informative feedback, d) gag law in dialogues, e) simple error handling and prevention, f) permit re-do, g) back up locus of contro l, h) reduce the amount of short-term memory needs. Any four of the eight would be fine. 12.Question What are the general cohesion and coupling goals when designing software? Answer We strive for less(prenominal)er or looser coupling of software, and we design for stringer or tighter cohesion. 13. Question What is the justness of Demeter attempting to achieve? Answer Law of Demeter is a set of guiding rules that limits the span of control of an object y confine the messaging construction among methods of a class. through with(predicate) these restrictions it is conjectured that we can reduce coupling and enhance cohesion. 14. Question What is fan-in and fan-out, and what attribute do they measure?Answer Fan-in is a measure of number of information flow into a module or component. Fan-out is the number of information flow out of a module. An example of fan-in for module-x would be the number of modules that call module-x and for fan-out of module-x would be the number of modules that are called by module-x. Thus fan-in and fan-out measure the coupling attribute among modules. Chapter 9 1. Question is the act of transforming the detailed design into a legitimate program in some programming language. Answer Implementation. 2. Question List 3 desirable characteristics of a good implementation.Answer Readability primary(prenominal)tainability performance traceability correctness completeness. 3. Question True or False? The most important issues for preventing a good coding style are to be consistent and to try to highlight the signification of your code. Answer True. 4. Question You should choose all-night names for local variables or entities, but can use shorter ones for global variables or entities. Answer False. 5. Question List 3 of the types of code comments described in the book. Answer Repeat of the code explanation of the code marker in the code summary of the code description of the code intent external references.ChapterIn 1 966 the gate ticke t revenues mainly paid for players wages and with the commercial television of Ames global audiences and fan bases grew. In 2009 clubs such as real Madrid, Manchester get together and Barcelona became lucrative deals for investors. However, the investment model for football clubs qualifyingd and many investors started leveraging the investments through massive amounts of debt. Many clubs in the UK were popular limited companies and were listed on the stock flip but recently many have been brought into private ownership again through private equity.Bankruptcies and corruption scandals have raised questions to whether many football clubs have been able to have a smooth transition into the repressions melodic line world. A clubs livelihood is directly related to their fan base (spectators, TV audiences, or consumers of merchandise) but over the past decade the medium attendance to the English Premier League matches has stagnated and younger people have been wary to attend.With hi gh termss for tickets, fans have been life alienated by the players wages and TV scheduling has greatly fuelled the feeling that football is no longer a fans game but a business oriented way of generating revenue for owners. Between 1 996 and 2006, the seventy-two clubs of the English football game League add a pre-tax loss of IEEE m in comparison, the other leagues clubs, that were predominantly owned by fans, do Emma operating profit through higher attendance at lower ticket prices.Recently initiatives, such as Supporters Direct, have mouthed the fans interests more directly. They have also been involving themselves in various affable projects in the community (usually addressing social exclusion, unemployment, or anti-social behavior). These clubs have created community schemes that ofttimes pardner with fans, police, and local council. However, clubs such as Real Madrid and FCC Barcelona are member-owned, democratic, and not-for-profit organizations and have leaderships t hat are accountable to the people who watch and pay.The All troupe Parliamentary Football Group published three recommendations to improve governance in the industry, these included A fit and proper persons test for the management and ownership of clubs Supporter-led governance and, Nurture Eng internal talent. With these recommendations tending(p), a Stewardship Scorecard, developed by CAR think-tank tomorrows participation, ranked clubs on various criteria such as putting the club low gear and engagement with fans and the community. Overall football is yet dependent on a constant fan base since they are far less likely to switch allegiances due to poor performance.Ethical Dilemma Who cares whose shares? 1. What is the main ethical issues in this case? The main issue is whether or not you should tell Freddie to give away his shares of Parchment (PC) because there will be a musical theme published in Big Science magazine that could effect that shares negatively. This is cons idered insider trading and is illegal. There are four main ethical arguments that used against insider fairness, misappropriation to property, prostitute to investors and the market and undermining of fiduciary relationships (Crane & Matted, 2010).By telling Freddie, you would be giving himself and his clients an unfair advantage over other investors, he would also give up information of PCs privately documented information and knowledge without PC knowing meaning that he is BPCS property is being shared without knowledge. Harm would come to investors and the market because if everyone of Firesides linens decide to sell their shares then other investors stocks would decrease and leave others, including the company, wondering why the stocks dropped so much before the release of the report.Your fiduciary responsibility to the company and other shareholders should be one of the most important things since you are an employee of PC as well. 2. Who are the main stakeholders here, and how would you compare the relative importance of their stakes? The main stakeholders in the company are the shareholders the employees that dont have shares and the product users. From a humanitarian respective, the product users, whose health and safety are at risk by using product, would be considered the most important stakeholder, and then followed by the employees and then shareholders.From the business aspect the shareholders are the main stakeholders and then the employees and the product users would equally important. This is because the company will most likely not notice a change if a small amount of customers stop using the product. 3. Explain how you would ultimately decide and why. Would not tell Freddie about it because I would rather have a friend mad at e then to end up departure to jail/be fined for insider trading by the company. Loud also not tell him because if it were to get out then my reputation for good work habits and judgment would be affected if I ever lo oked for another job or wanted to be promoted within PC. 4. Is there a difference between acting yourself on the information you were given and passing this information on to Freddie. Yes there is a difference because you arent sharing company information with anyone so if you do end up selling your shares, and the stocks do not go own, then you would only be hurting yourself and not effecting other investors.ChapterEmancipation Proclamation announcement made by president capital of Nebraska during the Civil War emancipated all black slaves in States still engaged in rebellion against Union went into affect January 1, 1863. Fort Sumter a gather located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina the location of the start of the Civil War. George B. McClellan commander of the Army of the Potomac and general of the war. Gettysburg a mesh of which was fought from July 1-3, 1863 Lee withdrew from this battle July quaternary (the same day as the surrender of Vicksburg). fleeceablebacks pa per currency.Homestead wreak allowed citizen (or prospective) to claim 1 60 acres and buy it or a small price after 5 years of living on it. Jefferson Davis the president of confederacy was unsuccessful rarely provided any leadership. March to the Sea sixty mile wide-cut swath of desolation across Georgia Sherman left Atlanta and destroyed towns and plantations through Georgia, South Carolina, and sexual union Carolina. Morris Land move over Act transferred substantial public accuracy to state authoritiess to sell and profits went to public education. Robert E. Lee opposed secession left US army to lead confederate forces.Shiloh Grant, with new man, cured and forced Beauregard to withdraw union victory. Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson confederate army leader defeated 2 union armies by charging course suddenly and slipped away. Ulysses S. Grant constant, unrelenting assault (military) willing to fight when others wouldnt presided over some of the worst carnage. US Sanita ry Commission organization of volunteers led by Dorothy Dig that involve large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals. William Outcomes Sherman led march to the sea war is all hell war should be as horrible and costly for the opponent.Questions 1 . (Chart is on notebook paper attached) 2. Out Carolina- Deck. 20, 1860 Mississippi- Jan. 9, 1861 Florida- Jan. 10, 1861 Alabama- Jan. 19, 1861 Georgia- Jan. 19, 1861 Louisiana- Jan. 26, 1861 Texas- Feb.. 1, 1861 Virginia- April 17, 1861 Arkansas- May 6, 1861 North Carolina- May 20, 1861 Tennessee- June 2, 1861 3. The Accredited Compromise included 6 amendments and 4 congressional resolutions to guarantee permanent slavery. He did this in order to avoid war. 4. Lincoln did what he did in order to not be the first party of the war to take action. He did it to also escape the situation theyd been trapped in for several months. . 6. The National Bank Act of 1 865 established a system of national banks of which eventually devel oped the banking system we have today. It was important because it encouraged a national currency. 7. From the beginning, it was expected to be a short and low funding war. Walt that being said, the initial (first) war funded by borrowing but eventually realized that it was much more, so they created the Revenue Act of 1862 which increased taxes drastically including federal income taxes which infuriated supporters Of the war. 8. The governance raised the majority of its money by Revenue tax stamps. . The majority of the blue nation was not supportive at all riots occasionally occurred. They saw these laws to be an intrusion of privacy and a violation of ones sovereignty. 10. One could avoid by buying their way out of being drafted, or even substitute themselves with another member of their household. 11. Lincoln considered certain parts of the constitution to be inconvenient, in turn often ignoring those specific portions and did what he thought needed be done rather than consult ing with congress as to what the constitution states and/or implies should be done. 12.The peace democrats ere a base of people of which believed the North pushed the South to secession. They also believed Lincoln was a tyrant and that the war was a national tragedy. This group was present in the mid-west section of the US including Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 13. A. ) He justify the suspension by claiming it was in respect of those arrested. B. ) Everyone rights were affected as it limited citizens to have an opinion that wasnt supporting the government. 14. Chief Justice Tangy issued this writ, or noble written order, requiring him to release an imprisoned Maryland secessionist leader. Lincoln swaggered this request. 5. The Confiscation Act declared that all slaves that were used for insurrectionist purposes would be considered freed. The second Confiscation Act declared to free the slaves of the persons aiding and us porting the insurrection (regardless of if the slaves were d oing so) and also authorized the president to employ African Americans, including freed slaves, as soldiers. As a result, with the progression of the war, the North grew to be more accepting Of emancipation. By the end Of the Civil War, slavery had been abolished in two Union slave states and in three Confederate dates occupied by Union forces. 16.The Emancipation Proclamation was the war occasion act Pres. Lincoln issued on Jan. 1, 1863. This act declared forever free slaves in all areas of the coalition aside from those already under Union control (Tennessee, western Virginia, and southern Louisiana). It also did no apply to border slave states. 17. Slaves were often taken from their designated plantations and transported to the front, escaping Northern lines, unable to be returned to their masters. Some slaves joined the Union army, while others stayed with troops to flee to free states. Antislavery impulse gained strength, regardless of the acts inability to affect certain are as. 8. somewhat 1 86,000 emancipated African Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and laborers for the Union forces. It was only the first few months of the war that African Americans were widely excluded. They were treated very poorly. Many died from disease due to working in unsanitary conditions for arduous hours. Black soldiers were paid a third less in comparison to white soldiers, as well. 19. Women were often put in nursing positions whether itd been by choice or necessity. They also worked as retail sales clerks, office workers, and mill & factory hands.Shallowness wives often became prudent for managing slave work forces the wives Of more modest farmers plowed fields and harvested crops. These were all positions previously dominated by men. 20. Although there were several significant exceptions, the Federal government and the Confederate government were very similar (These exceptions included the acknowledgment of the sovereignty of the individual states, and the sancti oning of slavery of which made abolition nearly impossible). 21 . The domain focused so intensely on producing cotton and other export crops.The departure of so many white males prankishly diminished the regions ability to maintain food production. Copious amounts of doctors were conscripted to serve the needs of the military, of which left many communities without any medical care. In effect, the South experienced shortages of everything. Because of this, along with inflation, there was a major instability in Southern society. Resistance to conscription, food impressments, and taxation increased throughout the Confederacy, as well as hoarding and black-market monomer. 22. While pinnacle their armies, many more white Southerners were exempted from military service than Northerners.Conscription was successful for a period of time. Although, after 1862, conscription began to produce fewer men. In early 1864, the government experienced a shortage of manpower. At this time, situation s called for desperate measures the Confederate congress began drafting men as young as 1 7 and as old as 50. 23. The Norths economy was strengthened, thus increasing industry and railroad development. The Souths was weakened because of millions of Lars worth of property being destroyed and the regions young male population having depleted. 24.The production of weapons was more efficient due to technological advances. Weapons were also stronger and more powerful. 25. A. ) The first battle occurred on July 21, 1861. This battle nearly succeeded in dispersing the Confederate forces, but was unable due to the Southerners taking action in stopping a last strong Union assault and performing a savage counterattack. As a result, the Confederates retreated in an unrecognized manner. When disorganized, as the Union forces were by feat with a short of supplies and transportation, the Confederates did not pursue.Because of this battle, the Unions morale and the presidents confidence in his off icers were destroyed. B. ) The battle of Animate began on September 17. Mescalines 87,000-man army attacked Lees force of 50,000. 6,000 soldiers died, and 1 7,000 sustained injuries. At the end of the day, as the Confederate line seemed ready to break, the last of Jacksons troops arrived to reinforce it. McClellan then allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia. This battle only lasted one day. C. ) There were complications for the Union forces n the East, but important victories occurred in the West.Grant moved his his and supplies to an area south of the city. He then attacked Vicksburg from the rear. Vicksburg surrendered 6 weeks later on July 4, due to the fact that residents were starving as a result of a prolonged siege. D. ) Lee attacked Meads army once they were perched on the hills south of the town. Lees forces Were outnumbered 75,000 to 90,000 and his assault On the Union forces on Cemetery Ridge failed. The next day he ordered a second, larger effort. 1 5,000 Confederates advan ced nearly a mile while being swept by Union fire.ChapterFirst Pages editor in chief of the Harvard Business Review, noted that organizations must also undergo significant efforts to protect their human capital. A firm may diversify the ownership of vital knowledge by emphasizing teamwork, guard against obsolescence by developing learning programs, and shackle key people with golden handcuffs. 23 In addition, people are less likely to leave an organization if there are effective structures to promote teamwork and information sharing, strong leadership that encourages innovation, and cultures that demand excellence and ethical behavior.Such issues are exchange to this chapter. Although we touch on these issues throughout this chapter, we provide more detail in later chapters. We discuss organizational controls (culture, rewards, and boundaries) in Chapter 9, organization structure and design in Chapter 10, and a variety of leadership and entrepreneurship topics In Chapters 11 and 1 2. Human metropolis The Foundation of Intellectual Capital Organizations must recruit talented people?employees at all levels with the proper sets of skills and capabilities coupled with the right values and attitudes.Such skills and attitudes must be continually developed, strengthened, and reinforced, and each employee must be motivated and her efforts focused on the organizations goals and objectives. 24 The rise to prominence of knowledge workers as a vital source of competitive advantage is changing the balance of power in todays organization. Knowledge workers place professional development and personal enrichment (financial and otherwise) above company loyalty. Attracting, recruiting, and hiring the best and the brightest, Is a critical first step in the process of building intellectual capital.How to win Gene Y Workers? Commonly. Com, August 17 NP Mantilla. 2007. How Going Green Draws Talent, Cut Costs. Wall Street Journal, November 13 BIO and, ODell, A. M. 2007. Working f or the Earth Green Companies and Green Jobs Attract Employees. Www. socializing . Com, 4. 1 environmental responsibility when it recruits on campuses. It showcases the companys new corporate headquarters, in Measuring, Ohio, that uses 28 percent to 39 percent less nil than a standard office building and is furnished with environmentally friendly materials.Says Nephew CEO Mark Sunny, At the end of the day, we are competing with everyone else for the best talent, and this is a propagation that is very concerned with the environment. To meet the growing demand for students interested in working for green companies, Nonstarters, a unit of the giant employment firm Monster. Com, launched Greengrocers. It was the first online recruitment service that focuses on green employment. Econometrical and the Environmental Defense Fund, two environmental nonprofits, are adding their expertise in partnership with Nonstarters. Econometrical approached Nonstarters to create Greengrocers because t here is an urgent need to reach and educate environmentally agnostic audiences, in this case college students, about the ways they can address climate change and other serious environmental problems, claims Mark Cockroach, vice president and general manager at Nonstarters. Environmental sustainability To illustrate such interdependence, poor hiring impedes the effectiveness of development and retention processes. In a similar vein, ineffective retention efforts place additional burdens on hiring and development.Consider the following anecdote, provided by Jeffrey Prefer of the Stanford University Business School Not long ago, I went to a large, fancy San Francisco law firm?where they treat their associates like dog do and where the turnover is very high. I asked the managing partner about the turnover rate. He said, A few years ago, it was 25 percent, and now were up to 30 percent. I asked him how the firm had responded to that trend. He said, We increased our recruiting. So I ask ed him, What kind of doctor would you be if your patient was bleeding faster and faster, and your only response was to increase the speed of the transfusion? 29 Clearly, stepped-up recruiting is a poor substitute for weak retention. Although there are no simple, easy-to-apply answers, we can learn from what leading-edge firms are doing to attract, develop, and retain human capital in todays highly competitive marketplace. 30 out front moving on, Strategy public eye 4. 1 addresses the importance of firms green or environmental sustainability strategy in attracting young talent. Deserted chic 118-155. Tend 124 Attracting Human Capital All we can do is bet on the people we pick. So my whole Job is picking the right people.Jack Welch, former chairman, General Electric Company 31 The first step in the process of building superior human capital is input control attracting and selecting the right person. Human resource professionals often approach employee filling from a lock and key me ntality?that is, fit a key (a Job candidate) into a lock (the Job). Such an approach involves a thorough analysis of the errors and the Job. solely then can the right decision be made as to how well the two will fit together. How can you fail, the theory goes, if you get a precise match of knowledge, ability, and skill profiles?Frequently, however, the precise matching approach places its wildness on task-specific skills (e. G. , motor skills, specific information processing capabilities, and communication skills) and puts less emphasis on the broad general knowledge and experience, social skills, values, beliefs, and attitudes of employees. Many have questioned the precise matching approach. They argue that firms can identify top performers by steering on key employee mind-sets, attitudes, social skills, and general orientations. If they get these elements right, the task-specific skills can be learned quickly. This does not imply, however, that task-specific skills are unimporta nt rather, it suggests that the requisite skill sets must be viewed as a necessary but not sufficient condition. ) This leads us to a popular phrase today and serves as the title of the next section. aim for Attitude, Train for Skill Organizations are increasingly emphasizing general knowledge and experience, social skills, values, beliefs, and attitudes of employees. 32 Consider Southwest Airlines hiring practices, which focus on employee values and attitudes. disposed(p) its strong team orientation, Southwest uses an indirect approach.For example, the interviewing team asks a group of employees to prepare a five- minute presentation about themselves. During the presentations, interviewers observe which candidates enthusiastically support their peers and which candidates focus on polishing their own presentations while the others are presenting. 33 The roomer are, of course, favored. Alan Cooper, president of Cooper Software, Inc. , in Palo Alto, California, goes further. He clev erly uses technology to perfect in on the problem- solving ability of his applicants and their attitudes before an interview even takes place.He has devised a Bozo Filter, an online test that can be applied to any industry. Before you spend time on whether Job candidates will work out satisfactorily, find out how their minds work. Cooper advised, Hiring was a black see our test. Its a self-administering jack filter. 34 How does it work? The online test asks questions designed to see how prospective employees approach provisioning tasks. For example, one key question asks software engineer applicants to design a table-creation software program for Microsoft Word. Candidates provide pencil sketches and a description of the new user interface.Another question used for design communicators asks them to develop a marketing strategy for a new touch- tone phone?directed at consumers in the year 1850. Candidates e-mail their answers back to the company, and the answers are circulated aroun d the firm to solicit feedback. Only candidates with the highest mark get interviews. Sound Recruiting Approaches and Networking Companies that take hiring seriously must also take recruiting seriously. The number of Jobs that successful knowledgeableness companies must fill is astonishing.Ironically, many companies still have no shortage of applicants. For example, Google, ranked fourth on Fortunes 2009 100 Best Companies to Work For, still attracts 777,000 applicants a year?even though hiring has slowed. 35 The take exception becomes having the right Job candidates, not the greatest number of them. Resources 125 Deserted chic 118-155. And 125 11/11/09 PM GE Medical Systems, which builds CT scanners and magnetic resonance imaging (MR.) systems, relies extensively on networking. They have found that current employees are the best source for new ones.Recently, Steven Potshot, head of staffing and leadership development, made a few simple changes to double the number of referrals. F irst, he simplified the process?no complex forms, no bureaucracy, and so on. Second, he increased incentives. Everyone referring a qualified candidate received a gift certificate from Sears. For referrals who were hired, the bounty increases to $2,000. Although this may sound like a lot of money, it is peanuts compared to the $1 5,000 to $20,000 fees that GE typically pays to headhunters for each person hired. 6 Also, when someone refers a former colleague or friend for a Job, his or her credibility is on the line. Thus, employees will be deliberate in recommending people for employment unless they are reasonably confident that these people are good candidates. This provides a good screen for the firm in deciding whom to hire. Hiring the right people makes things a lot easier fewer rules and regulations, less need for monitoring and hierarchy, and greater initialization f organizational norms and objectives. Consider some of the approaches that retire, people in this demographic gro up are becoming more and more important in todays workforce.We also provide some tips on how to get hired. We address these issues in Exhibit 4. 3. Developing Human Capital It is not enough to hire top-level talent and expect that the skills and capabilities of those employees remain current throughout the duration of their employment. Rather, educational activity and development must take place at all levels of the organization. 37 For example, Selection assembles printed circuit boards and other components for TTS Silicon Valley clients. 38 Its employees receive an average of 95 hours of company- provided training each year.Chairman Winston Chem. observed, Technology changes so fast that we estimate 20 percent of an engineers knowledge becomes obsolete each year. Training is an obligation we owe to our employees. If you want high growth and high quality, then training is a big part of the equation. Although the financial returns on training may be hard to calculate, most experts believe it is essential. One company that has calculated the benefit from training is Motorola. Every dollar spent on training returns $30 in productiveness gains over the following three years.In addition to training and developing human capital, firms must encourage widespread involvement, monitor and track employee development, and evaluate human capital. 39 Encouraging Widespread Involvement Developing human capital requires the active involvement of leaders at all levels. It wont be successful if it is viewed only as the responsibility of the human resources department. Each year at General Electric, 200 facilitators, 30 officers, 30 human resource executives, and many young managers actively act in Gees orientation program at Correlation, its training center right(prenominal) New York City.ChapterA model Is an abstraction of a real system. True + False Question 2 2/ 2 points True or False? In a discrete-event simulation, an event is an interaction between objects in the sys tem. Question 3 2/ 2 points True or False? Meteorologists often use multiple simulated models, which make different assumptions, to predict the weather. True* Question 4 2/ 2 points True or False? The most common application of computer graphics in modern operating systems is the graphical user interface. True+Question 5 2/ 2 points True or False? In computer graphics, knit cloth and woven cloth should move and drape In the same way. True False* Question 6 2/ 2 points Which of the following best describes a simulation in which the model is viewed at uniform time intervals? A) discrete-event b) concrete c) abstract e) continuous Question 7 2/ 2 points Which of the following best describes a model that represents a real environment, such as a flight simulator? A) time-driven b) discrete-event c) continuous d) concrete + e) abstractQuestion 8 2/ 2 points Which of the following best describes a simulation that expresses change in terms of a set of differential equations? A) concrete c) time-driven d) continuous + Question 9 2/ 2 points Which of the following describes the angle at which a human looks at a mirror? B) transposition vector c) normal vector d) reflection vector e) light vector Question 10 2/ 2 points Which of the following is NOT a game genre or a game submerge? A) strategy games b) life-simulation games c) role-playing games d) action games.ChapterVolcano erupting in howdy because Peel upset. Must make Peel happy to stop volcano. Names in Sociology Berger seeing the general in the particular (making the familiar strange) Mills sociological Imagination comet (1837) social physics / positivism Theological Metaphysical Human equality to what is going on in their life Scientific process to what is going on in their life All issues are happening because of a scientific process Harriet Martinets Female in a mans world Translated Comet into English beforehand(predicate) Feminist and very dominate Research methods Womens issues Father disowned her earl y age of 21Karl Marx Materialism Class conflict Philosopher Bi-polar Wrote about economic institutions of capitalism Market will control itself Excessive focus on materialism how the focus of stuff effects the relationship managing works The essence of conflicts impacts institutions Max Weber 1 SST sociologist Suffered from severe depression How religion institution drive the economic structure Persistent research until you have understand what is going on Mile Druthers Statistics Social facts Number guy census data collector Positivistic sociology Suicide Anomie Enormousness loss of normalNot dependable George Simmer Urban sociology Study of structures of groups in cities (Group dynamics) Names in Sociology in the US Robert Park Father of Sociology Started the 1st dept. Of sociology in emailprotected the Univac. Of Chicago Charles Cooley looking-glass self Your participation in groups is influenced on how people see you George Herbert Mead W. E. B.DUBIOUS 1st African American ma le to Received PhD from Harvard Expounded the NAACP Asked to teach sociology Atlanta University Developed the concept of double consciousness How people react differently with different situation Jane Addams Hull House Social worked Nobel prize (1931) Theories Explain, Describe, Predict Life structurally runs on theories Functionalism what is the reason?Organism How the human body works made up of systems Manifest / latent Manifest function positive outcome Latent function positive or negative outcome Social consensus reasons Microbiology sounding for big picture Conflict Competing interest (limited goods), Societal driving force , Exists on all levels Initiates change Power Gender/age governmental frugal Microbiology generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis Society functions on conflict Conflict is mostly about limited goods Have / Have Not Conflict theory views society from exactly the opposite of perspective Conflict is good for society cause it represents change There has and always will be conflict between workers & entrepreneurs (I. E. Why unions were created) Feminist Theory Conflict model where gender is concerned / Political reform Symbolic Interactions Interpretation of symbols Face to face interactions Creating reality Microbiology (Seeks to understand local international context) Max Weber Interpretive sociology Persistent Post modernism Sometimes part of all of the above theories Fast changing interactions Subjective / objective Given the pace of the world today, it is all of the above theories, embrace all Midrange Theory Social institutions focus Booker T Washington W. E.B Dubious Civil Rights Institutions are a very strong influence on groups behavior Attempt to predict how certain social institutions tend to function Sociology Connect to History (events, social change) Anthropology (study of culture) Psychology (social psychology) Political science (power governmental institution) Example Explain M arriage with man duties vs.. Male duties Functionalism because that is how they were raised or taught Conflict males w/ more power Feminist more women working to gain more power Symbolic the two parties setting ground rules with each other regarding whom does what CHAPTER 2 How do sociologist due what they do?Majority & Minority in a group (in/out group) Social Networks relations held together by ties (stories), strength of ties, structural ole (kinship gap), lack of communication on each side of hole (Ebay) Social Capital pre-existing knowledge a person has that helps them enter network value you have that makes you socially interested to the group may be going down due to loose connections, less family togetherness, fewer group vacations, decreased civic engagement Network Analysis (social relationships) epidemiology, teenage sex networks (hook-up in tie, virginity pledges outside tie) organization legal, multiple secondary group, common purpose, boundaries between members (govern behaviors overpayment policy / group structure immigration (1921 / Hart-cellar Act, 1965) organizational culture shared beliefs/behaviors organizational structure structure with power / authority distribution interlocking directorates mega corporations institutional isomorphism forced sameness of corporations in similar environments airline ticket prices Chapter 6 Social Deviance US incarceration rate . 75% (2. 3 million), 25% of world criminal Justice (formal deviance).Formal deviance is and expensive proposition because up have got and personal and a lot of time and energy. Social deviance transgression of social norms where, when, who (power) knowing there is a norm out there and you are willing fully violate it relative to where you did it, when you did it, and who saw you do it informal no societal level consequence without serious repercussions but could be prolonged formal with serious repercussions most of your life is filled with informal deviance and informal social control Social control device bring back norm normative compliance best social control device in society, by complying with all the norms both formal and informal Druthers (functionalism) social cohesion (bonds),ChapterChapterState diagram shows the states of the objects and how those states change. Sequence diagram only shows the message interactions among the objects. 4. Mention and describe three different views used in architectural design. Architectural design is a high level view of the system. It can be described with logical view represents the decomposition of a system and how those parts work with each other physical architectural view represents the mapping of the software to the hardware process view represents the run- time processes and flow of the system. 5.What is the difference between data modeling and logical data base design? In data modeling we are instructing and showing the Entity-Relationship among the objects. In logical data base design , the E-R diagram is converted to the sets of tables and relationships among the tables. 6. What is the difference between low fidelity prototypes and high fidelity prototypes? Low fidelity prototypes are quick hand drawn screens using markers, post-it notes, post cards, and/or cut out images to represent the screens of the system. Simple mockup sketch of the target product.High fidelity prototypes are screens created using a tool to design the screens. These screens look and mimic the behavior of the future screens of the system. An example of a tool is visual basic with the use of hide and show. Detailed mockup resembling and behaving close to the final product. 7. Discuss Figure 7. 26 with regard to the users interaction the screens interaction and the systems interaction (process). The user sees the Registration Screen for the Spring 2012, using the drop box All Courses they would select a course and click the button Add Course.The screen would show the representation seen at th e top of Figure 7. 26 initially. This screen would react to the users usage of the drop box (showing a scrollable list of he available courses and showing the course selected). When the user has selected a course and clicked Add Course the screen would send the information to the registration and when the Registration returns success it would show the second screen in Figure 7. 26. The systems interaction shown in Figure 7. 26 begins with the Registrations object passing the registration information to the section object.This section object needs to check if the student has the prerequisites for the course. If the Boolean returned is True then the message Add(student) is sent to students object. Note another sequence diagram would represent Boolean = False. 8. Explain Adding a course from section 7. 3. 4. 1 using Normals 7 Stage Model. 1 Form a goal -? add Engle 201 1 The user (student) forms the goal l need to add Engle 2011 to my schedule. 2 Form an intention find Engle 201 1 Th e user (student) forms the intention on the screen shown in 7. 26 to find Engle 201 1 in the drop box. Specify the action mouse can show courses in the drop box The user will decide to use the mouse to click and hold open the drop box and move the mouse down until he/she sees the Engle 2011 course. Execute the action The user moves the mouse to the arrow in the drop box and clicks when he/she is on the arrow of the drop box. 5 Perceive the system state (feedback) he/she sees the drop box open with multiple courses in a list. 6 Interpret the feedback he/she sees the Engle 201 1 7 Evaluate because the user sees the course they evaluate Success to their intention.Note They would continue with the next intention to click Add Course. 9. List the four components of the GYMS model for user interfaces. The 4 factors of GYMS model are Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules 10. Explain how the Model-View-controller architectural style is done using HTML-Script-SQL. The Model-Vi ew-Controller (MFC) architectural style is done with HTML as the View of the system and SQL as a database. The database has the model of the system. PH is the script used as the controller for the system. Chapter 8 1 .Question What are the two general characteristics of a design that naturally carry over from requirements? Answer The design is an evolution from requirements. So the two general characteristics of a) consistency and b) completeness of requirements usually carry over to the design. 2. Question What is Menaces climatic complexity number a) attempting to measure, and b) what is the climatic complexity number of a program A that contains 3 binary predicates (or branches)? Answer a) Menaces climatic complexity number measures the control flow complexity of software. ) Using the simple formula of (if binary branches + 1), the climatic number of program A is (3+1 ) or 4. 3. Question What is a program slice? Answer A program slice is the set of statements that can affect the value of some specified variable of interest in the program. 4. Question What are glue tokens and super glue tokens, and which type nutrients more to cohesion? Answer Glue tokens are data tokens that lie in more than one data-slice, and super glue tokens are data tokens that lie in every data-slice. The super glue tokens contribute more to cohesion because they lie in every data slice. 5. Question What is software cohesion?Answer Cohesion is a characteristic that describes the degree of relatedness within the software. 6. Question What are the levels of cohesion? Answer There are 7 levels of cohesion listed in the order of worst to best coincidental, logical, temporal, procedural, communicational, sequential, and national. 7. Question What is software coupling? Answer Coupling is a characteristic that describes the degree of interdependence or interaction among the parts within the software. 8. Question What are the levels of coupling? Answer There are 5 levels of coupling listed in the order of worst to best content, common, control, stamp, and data. . Question What are the six design measurements of C-K metrics in 00? Answer They are a) weighted number of methods per class, b) depth of inheritance tree of the class, c) number of children of a class, d) coupling between objects, e) number of espouses to a class message, and f) lack of cohesion among methods in a class 10. Question In contrast to general design, what is user interface design interested in? Answer The general software design is concerned about the software components, their characteristics and their interactions.User interface design is focused on the interaction between the software and its human users thus both software and human attributes are of concern in user interface design. 1 1 . Question List four out of the eight rules of user interface design identified by Seminarian and Pleasant. Answer There are actually 8 a) consistency, b) roved short cuts, c) informative feedback, d) closure in dialogues, e) simple error handling and prevention, f) permit re-do, g) support locus of control, h) reduce the amount of short-term memory needs. Any four of the eight would be fine. 12.Question What are the general cohesion and coupling goals when designing software? Answer We strive for lesser or looser coupling of software, and we design for stringer or tighter cohesion. 13. Question What is the Law of Demeter attempting to achieve? Answer Law of Demeter is a set of guiding rules that limits the span of control of an object y restricting the messaging structure among methods of a class. Through these restrictions it is conjectured that we can reduce coupling and enhance cohesion. 14. Question What is fan-in and fan-out, and what attribute do they measure?Answer Fan-in is a measure of number of information flow into a module or component. Fan-out is the number of information flow out of a module. An example of fan-in for module-x would be the number of modules that call module-x and for fan-out of module-x would be the number of modules that are called by module-x. Thus fan-in and fan-out measure the coupling attribute among modules. Chapter 9 1. Question is the act of transforming the detailed design into a valid program in some programming language. Answer Implementation. 2. Question List 3 desirable characteristics of a good implementation.Answer Readability maintainability performance traceability correctness completeness. 3. Question True or False? The most important issues for maintaining a good coding style are to be consistent and to try to highlight the meaning of your code. Answer True. 4. Question You should choose longer names for local variables or entities, but can use shorter ones for global variables or entities. Answer False. 5. Question List 3 of the types of code comments described in the book. Answer Repeat of the code explanation of the code marker in the code summary of the code description of the code intent external references.

Robbers Cave Experiment: A Critical Review

In this paper, the aftermath will be explored in two parts a) An overview of the study would be presented along with a critique of its findings and b) its induction and application to real-world and Asian contexts will be formally discussed. Overview Of study Purpose and design The studs focus was on intercrop relations (Sheriff, AAA)-?specifically cooperation and conflict, where the intricate memberes involved in members attitudes in two or more groups over a period of time were investigated.Sheriff had intended for the experiment to progress as natural as possible, so as to trace the formation, functioning, attitude shifts and proceedsing consequences towards ones own group (in-group), show up-group and their members accurately from scratch. A large-scale experiment, the RACE took place In a sufficiently-isolated (I. E. , without interference or fundamental fundamental interaction with the outside world) field setting in the Robbers Cave State Park, Oklahoma, over a span of mo re than two weeks.Sheriff employed a rigorous social occasion in the selection of 24 participants, all of whom were 1 2-year-old males from middle-class background, Protestant, tit similar educational and socio-cultural background and no prior relationships with one another (Sheriff et al. , ICC). In order for greater experimental control, participants from atypical backgrounds were eliminated-?the boys had to be well-adjusted individuals who cannot come from broken families and were doing well psychologically, physically and academically.The boys were later split into two groups. Staff members participated in the camp under the guise of senior counselors, whose duties were to observe first-hand group interaction behaviors among the boys. Participants were led to believe that they were taking part in a typical pass camp, and that the interaction processes which arose from problem situations were natural products of their existing circumstance or environment. Approach The RACE prog ressed in successive stages (Sheriff et al. 1 95th) 1) Experimental in-group formation, where both groups organise their in-groups and established relations (independently of each other) through activities involving cooperation and commonalty goals 2) Friction phase, where intercrop relations were thoroughly explored through experimentally- reduced through competitive activities that wind frustration for the losing group 3) integrating phase, where both groups are brought together to reduce existing intercrop tensions and encourage harmony to attain subordinate goals (Sheriff et al. 15th) integral to a problem scenario. The goals, which were subsequently introduced, were of significant common appeal and which required both groups equitable cooperation to obtain. If endings Hypotheses of the study, which are not elaborated here, were tested and validated by Sheriff and his team at the conclusion of the RACE. Instead, the following conclusions wasted (Sheriff et al. , IEEE) are m entioned for their relevance to the subsequent sections Intercrop attitudes (e. G. Prejudices) are not merely products of individual personalities or frustrations brought to the situation. In-group solidarity heightened in the face of (real or imagined) competitive and reciprocally-frustrating activities, where outgrip were unfavorable stereotyped. Rather, interaction produced when operative toward common subordinate goals served well to improve inter-group relations and cooperation. A critique To begin, the ARC has been recognized for its high ecological validity (Jackson, 1993).However, it does not explain the process by which subordinate goals reduce inter-group hostility. It also does not fully acknowledge third party influences (e. G. , bystander effect of camp counselors). In respond to this, Jackson (1993) proposed that further theories be advanced. Interestingly, research by Teasel and Turner (1986) (as cited in Brewer, 1975) subsequently challenged the ARC with its social identity theory, noting that overt competition is not always necessary to produce intercrop inflict, and that competition is not always be a bad thing (Valentine, 2010).Beyond these and ethical considerations, the RACE also had many other limitations Its findings cannot be reliably generalize to the wider population due to its homogeneous and gender-bias (Brewer, 1975) sample-?similar studies later conducted in Russia, Lebanon and ELK produced differing results (Determent & Spencer, 1983). It devourms that cultural difference IS an essential variable (Kim & Meyers, 2012) that the RACE had overlooked. The age of the participants may guide also influenced-?cognitively or behaviorally-?how he conflict or cooperation (I. . , interactions) played out. Furthermore, the presenting conflict situations had been staged and variables carefully experimentally-controlled for, which produced UN-realistic outcomes simplistic for real-world generalization. To a lesser extent, psychologists have pointed out that realistic intercrop conflicts were heavily determined by the degree of group identity and loyalty, and that if the two groups had failed in achieving the subordinate goals, the conflict could have exacerbated (e. . , blaming other party) instead of see relief (Brook, 2006). Application of incepts In consideration of the above, while the RACE is a landmark experiment that undoubtedly has its uses in theory (e. G. Generating future research Brewer, 1975), cover version applicability unto real-world contexts would be an erroneous step to take. The ARC suggests that when resources are scarce, people should be especially in-group-biased (Campbell, 1965).Indeed, this phenomenon surpasses time and space. Examples are when the anti-Muslim riots broke out in agency (AY Swashbuckler, 201 3) and negative stereotypes for the Muslim were perpetuated by rioting monks rallied fellow Buddhists to make cuisines with our own people? and when the Nazi regime in the 1 sass propagate d Aryan propaganda and crush the entire Jewish race for causing Germanys economic problems.Also, we can agree with Sheriff that inter- and intra-group attitudes are not mere extrapolations of individuals and their habits, for social-psychological phenomenon such as grouping (Smith & Mann, 1 992) imply the battlefront of hidden and complex processes behind group dynamics. Next, subordinate goals may not necessarily improve intercrop relations, as Sheriff et al. Claimed (1 IEEE). As mentioned, allure to attain these goals can result in mutual blaming frustration and shaming.A good example would be global warming, a trans-boundary issue experienced by all countries. While the common brat is sufficiently real and joint problem-solving should be assumed, countries instead are not able to resolve the issue-?intercrop hostilities (e. G. China with the IIS) heightened as the competition (e. G. , for economic primacy) is too overwhelming. These suggests that interaction and intercrop rela tions are highly dynamic and susceptible to fluctuation. Lastly, let us not forget the instrumentality of ultra difference factors on group relations.The RACE was conducted five decades ago using a racially-homogeneous sample. Modern globalizes societies have become smaller and more heterogeneous with technological advancements. Moreover, many parts of Asiaespecially Southeast-Asia-?see highly-mixed communities comprising dozens of racial/religious groups, each with their unique sub-culture. As such, diversity of the wider population has to be considered and reflected in their appropriate context and in light Of todays fast-changing world.

Assignment: Leadership and Cost Company Essay

correct up society essay their best to grasp the civilize technology, thus the cost Company used highly to training the professionals, like the geologists, geophysicists, and the engineers. The make up Company also trained the skilled and semiskilled labor that array the social clubs field operations. On the otherwise(a) hand the professional labor and the skilled labor, the two groups always occurs the clashed. As Martin Bouchard as the present and chief operating officer in the damage Company, and his top goals was to introduce groups as a way of solving the esprit de corps and productiveness problems at the companys Alberta field operations site.According to those problems the COST Company hired Algoma Howard, who is a First Nations descendant, to be success in solving squad accomplishment. Howard invited Carlos Debrito as the leader manoeuvered for the Alberta indicator ltype A program, and Debrito is a long-time employee in the COST Company who was highly respe ct by the employees in the Alberta Office, and Debrito was looking for one final challenging project before his retiring. There be collar functional groups at the Alberta site they are operations group, the below demesne group, and the primary(prenominal)tenance group.The operation group included the hourly excogitateers who operated and maintained the equipment the below ground group, which are the professionals include the engineers, geologists and geophysicists the maintenance group who are the employees always on call. As the Howard and Debrito were the leading in the COST Company, they essay their best to solving the morale and productivity problems for the Alberta field operations site. The first look was the home manducates which is to get the employees together, ask them to give several ideas to solve the problems.As many people adjunction the fireside shoot the breezes and almost every session came to fisticuffs until Debrito announced someone needed to go out. More over, during the next session, Debrito and Howard established the rules of engagement which is better for them to organize. The next step for the Howard and Debrito is to introduce the official problem busting aggroup ups, which is the temporary team, and the team members are coming from to each one of the ternary functional areas and from various hierarchical levels, and each was assigned a team leader.Their aims are to champion the COST Company solving the problems, and after they finishing the work, the team disbanded. Moreover, the problems what they addressed, which within certain cost guide draw offs and without the management approval. After this the COST Company identified the carbon monoxide office as their next facility, Howard essential to introduce her leadinghip of the cross-functional teams that was successful in the Alberta, however, the employees are all stressful in the Colorado. On the following paragraph, I will focus on what the Howard and Debrito di d in the COST Company. 2. 0 aggroup development power pointsThe role of Algoma Howard and Carlos Debrito in Alberta As we chamberpot bring down from the case, the COST Company hired Algoma Howard, who was the First Nations descendant. He tried his best to develop the teamwork program which is better for the COST Company to improve the productivity as well as the morale at the Calgary facility. Howard was success before by using the teams, he tried his best to bring the people together, and tried his best to coordinate the employees and everything, to let them understand one a nonhers problems and challenges, and coordinate their effort to pass the organizational goals.Further more(prenominal), his teamwork idea was success and was implementing at other COST locations after the aviate project. As we give notice leave from the case, Carlos Debrito, he was a long-time COST employee who was highly respected by the other employees in the Alberta office. As he was a skilled and e xperienced employee, he was looking for a big final project before his retiring. Debrito has served in every possible furrow and staff position at the COST in his 26 years career timing.He is an experienced leader who knows the problems workers faced on both skilful and business, thus Howard invited Debrito as a leader, who served for the Alberta pilot program. Therefore, as we digest expose the relationship from the Algoma Howard and Carlos Debrito in Alberta sites, Howard as the president in the Alberta pilot program, and Debrito as the leaders who served in every possible line and staff position at the Alberta pilot program.Thus we dejection say that Algoma Howard and Carlos Debrito are the leaders in the Alberta pilot program, who want to develop the teamwork in the Alberta sites. Fireside chats The first step what the Howard and Debrito decided was to get these different groups remonstrateing to each other and look at the ideas together this was the main purpose of the f ireside chats. The chats were held in the cafeteria during the late afternoon, and the people who show up the chats have the free coffee/tea and some snake which were all bought by Howard and Debrito.Furthermore, the idea was to give the employees a chance to share the difficulties and clear problems in such relaxing time and relaxing places, if the employees get together and share the difficulties and the unresolved problems together, maybe they move solve the difficulties, or share the creativity ideas with the unresolved parts. Initially, there are only two people who attend the fireside chats, gradually, more and more people attended the meetings. At first, the early session was focused on the employees saw their needs, as well as the problems in working with other group.The disadvantage of the early session was that the sessions came to fisticuffs until Debrito announced that somebody had to go out, however, after this session, Howard and Debrito established the guidelines wh ich are the rules of the engagement. Within the six months development, the fireside chats had involved animated problem-solving discussions focus on the three important groups. Problem busting The nest step for Howard and Debrito to introduce was the problem busting teams, which was the temporary team.The temporary team included the members who from each three functional areas as well as from various hierarchical levels, and which were assigned by the team leaders. The training by the team leader was including in team-building, shared- lead, as well as the creative problems-solving techniques. The team was established for the solving the problems which from the fireside chat, after solving the problems, the teams were disbanded, furthermore, the CEO in the COST announced that the problems addressing by the problem busting team within the certain cost guidelines without gatherking management approval.After a year and a half into the team-building program, the entire workforces in the Alberta were empowering to make their owner decisions as well as to select their own leaders. Team development Team development creates a captivating atmosphere by load-bearing(a) co-operation, teamwork, interdependence and by building trust among team members. (Motivating, Bonding & Aligning team, 2012) Actually the team goes through five legs of the team development, the each branch present its own challenge and in each stand for, the leaders should adapt the challenging and developing the needs of the group.The team development has five corresponds, which are the ricocheting stage, storming stage, norming stage, acting stage and adjourning stage. On the following paragraph I will talk about each stage, and I will combine the case together to analysis the each stage of the team development, and what the leaders need to do in the stage. First of all, I will show the graph, as we corporation key playacting Cooperation, problem solving Leaders facilitates task acco mplishment Performing Cooperation, problem solving Leaders facilitates task accomplishment StormingConflict, diversity Leaders embolden participation, surfaces differences Storming Conflict, dis hitment Leaders encourage participation, surfaces differences Norming Establishment of order and cohesion Leader assistances clarify team roles, norm, and values Norming Establishment of order and cohesion Leader boosters clarify team roles, norm, and values Adjourning Task completion Leaders brings closure, signifies completion Adjourning Task completion Leaders brings closure, signifies completion Team development Forming Orientation, dishonor the ice.Leaders facilitates social interchanges Forming Orientation, break the ice. Leaders facilitates social interchanges The first stage is the forming stage, during this stage, group members maybe anxious and adopt wait-and see attitude, they will be formal towards each other. There would be no clear idea of goals or expectations. Besides, t hey may not be sure why they are there (Susan M. Heathfield, 2012) as we goat see from the forming stage which is the orientation stage and the members in teams tried their best to acquiring the acquainted.The members in the team tried their best to know each other and for the friendship possibilities as well as the task orientation. In the forming stage, the team leaders provide time and place for the members to understand each other, to encourage them for the social discussions. The second stage which is storming stage, during this stage, team members are eager to get going, contest targetnister arise as people tend to different ideas of how to accomplish goals. At this time, they notice differences kinda than similarities. This leads to some members dropping out mentally physically. (Susan M. Heathfield, 2012) During the storming stage, the members in the team become more assertive in clarifying their roles, thus in this stage, there subsist a lot of date and disagreement. The members in the team maybe disagree with teams goals maybe disagree with the partners and so on. What the leaders need to do in this stage is to encourage the participation by each member. Members should propose ideas, dis agree with one another, and work through the uncertainties and conflicting perceptions about team tasks and goals (Richard L.Daft, 2012) The third stage is norming stage, this stage is when people begin to recognize ways in which they are alike. They realize that they are in this together. Hence, they tend to get more social and may provide their focus in favor of having a good time. This is the time to help with training if applicable. It becomes important to encourage them in order to feel comfortable with each other and with systems. Also, the group needs to stay focus on goal (Susan M.Heathfield, 2012) As we batch see from the norming stage, in this stage the conflict is resolved and the tem is getting harmony and unity emerge, and what the leaders need to do is to help clarifying the teams values and norms. The fourth stage is the performance stage, this stage is when tea members are trained, competent, as well as able to do their own problem-solving. At this time, ways need to be looked t in order to challenge then as well as develop them. The team is mature now. The members understand their roles and responsibilities. (Susan M.Heathfield, 2012) during this stage, it is emphasis on solving the problems and accomplishing the assigned task. Members are all committed to the teams mission, the members are coordinated with each other for the problems solving. During this stage, the leader should concentrate on the higher task performances. The last stage is the adjourning stage, in this stage we can see that the team has modified task to perform and disbanded eventually. In this stage, it is emphasis on the wrapping up and gearing down. The members in this stage feel heighted arousedity, strong cohesiveness and regret for the team s disbandment.During this stage, the leaders should signify the team has disbanded. Combine the COST Companys case According to the case we can see that the Howard and the Debrito are the leaders in the Alberta pilot program. As we can see that the Howard and Debrito established the fireside chats which is open for the employees, and it is the optional meetings provide for the employees and to getting the acquainted, and to get the different groups together to share the ideas, this is the idea for the fireside chats, and the fireside chats was established in the cafeteria which provide the free coffee, tea and snake for the employees.First of all, the only people who showed up the meeting were the couple of engineers. Thus Debrito and Howards go to a small talk with the couple of the engineers, thus we can see that the first day of meeting was the forming stage of the team development. After the first meeting, the linguistic process spread, and gradually, many people attended the m eetings, thus the early sessions focused on talking about the each groups needs, and the problems in other groups.This is also the forming stage in the team development, however, during the one session, there exist the fisticuffs during the meeting, the fisticuffs stopped until the Debrito announced that someone need to get out, therefore, we can see that the fireside chat became the storming stage in the team development which the team occurring the conflict for each other.Furthermore, during the next session, Debrito and Howard establish the rules of engagement which is the guidelines to avoid such conflicts happened in the meeting again, thus we can see that the stage is the norming stage, which is for the leaders to solve the conflict and let them form the norms as well as the values in the company.As we can see that the next step for the Howard and Debrito is to establish the problem busting team which is the temporary teams for solving the problems which was unsolved in the fi reside chats, thus we can see that the team was in the performance stage, which is the cooperation, and for the problems solving. Finally, the operation workers suggested that the team members should get rid of the weekly sessions and they could focus on their job, and limited problems for solving.Thus we can see the program already in the last stage which is adjourning stage the team is facing the disbanded. 3. 0 member roles and lead approach Member roles In the team there are two types of roles one is task medical specialist and the other is the socio- emotional, the two roles are different, they focus on different part. First of all we can see that the specialist role in the team which is focus on the task accomplishment by the human needs. On the other hand, we can see that socio-emotional role in a team which is focus on the peoples emotion needs. Task specialist is an employee who is assigned to the development of valid and unquestionable tasks for other people working f or one and the same organization. (Glossary, 2012) as we can see that the task specialist who focus on the task accomplishment over the peoples needs, thus the task specialist knows and understand task management standard, performance measure, and assessment practices required for identifying and developing tasks descriptions and for use by collapse human resources (Glossary, 2012) there are several behaviors which display the task specialist.First of all, the task specialists are the individuals who always propose the new solutions for solving the team problems, which is so called initiate ideas. Secondly, the task specialists are the persons who provide the opinions on the task accomplishment, also give the fair chances to others suggestions. Thirdly, the task specialists are the persons who always seeking the information which is asking for the task-reverent facts.Fourthly, the task specialists are the persons who get a various ideas of the problems at hand, and summary them together, that is so called summarize. Last but not at least, the task specialists are the persons who encourage the team into action when the teams interest dropped. Socio-emotional is a process that consists of variations that occur in an individuals personality, emotions and relationships with others during ones lifetime Socio-emotional role team members devote their time and nergy to supporting the emotional needs of team members and to maintaining the team as a social unit (Santrock, 2007) the people who adopt the socio-emotional role are the person who support the team members needs over the task accomplishment. There are several behaviors which are for the socio-emotional display. First of all, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who are warm and well to know the others ideas, and also forth others to make the contribution for the team. Secondly, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who are well for harmonize the groups conflict, as well as help the teams to achi eve the agreement.Thirdly, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who help the team reduce the tension they help the team to reduce the tensional environment, like telling the jokes. Fourthly, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who always go along with the team, and always agree the team members ideas, thats we called follow. Last but not at least, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who always shift their own opinions which are better for maintain the teams harmony. In the COST Companys case (Carlos Debrito)As we can see from the COST Companys case, Carlos Debrito who is a long-time COST employee who is highly respected by the employees in the Alberta office and he was also looking for the final project before his retiring and Algoma Howard invited the Debrito as a leader for the Alberta pilot program. Debrito did a lot of things to help the Howard to achieve the goals, as far as I am concerned, Carlos Debrito displays the task specialist as well as the socio-emotio nal roles. As we can see from the case, that Debrito tried his best to help the Howard to achieve the goals which is to solving the morale as well as the problems of productivity.Thus Debrito established the fireside chats and also established the problem busting team, which helped the Company to achieve its goals, according to this situation we can see that Debrito is the task specialist, who help the team to realize the task accomplishment, and he always proposed the solutions which is fireside chats and problem busting team, to help the team solve the problems. Furthermore, he always was seeking the information for the relevant task which is better for the team to solving the problems, and Debrito always encourage his members when their interests are dropped.Moreover, we can see that after the fireside chats, we can see that Debrito always helped the team to summarize the relevant ideas and summarize the perspectives for the organization. On the other hand, we can see form the ca se that, Debrito displays the socio-emotional roles in the team, and he supports the team members emotional needs. As we can see from the case, that Debrito find several ways for the team to solve the conflict amid the labor and the professionals, moreover, Debrito tried his best to make the compromise which shift his opinions to maintain the harmony of the team.Thus we can say that Debrito display both task specialist roles as well as the socio-emotional roles, Debrito not only achieve the organizational goals, but also do a lot of things to consider the team members emotional needs. Leadership approach participative leadership is a mode of leadership that involves all members of a team in identifying essential goals and developing procedures or strategies for reach those goals (wiseGEEK, 2012)as we can see that the participative leadership which is the leadership approach required all the members join the team to solving the problems as well as making the decisions together.As w e can see from the COST Companys case, which the Algoma Howard and the Carlos Debrito tried their best to achieve their goals. The goals of the COST Company are to solving the morale as well as to solving the productivity problems. Thus Howard and Debrito established the fireside chats, which is for the optimal meeting provided for the employees to understand them each other. At the first time, there are only two people join the meeting, Howard and Debrito established a small chatting with them and talk to them.After the first meeting finished many people know the meeting and want to join the meeting, thus gradually many people join the meeting, and the meeting becoming very important in a team. As we can see that the meetings are very important in the organization, and many people join the meetings. Furthermore, we can see that during the meeting many team members share the ideas each other, and talk to each other with the departments needs, making the decisions together, and solvi ng the problems together. During this process we can see that the leaders using the participative leadership approach to help the organization to achieve their goals. Situational leadership is a leadership style that has been developed and studied by Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey. The situational leadership refers to when the leader or manager of an organization must ad expert his style to fit the development level of the followers he is trying to influence. (Small Business, 2012)As we can see that the situational leadership approach is the leadership style which depends on the situation, it is focus on the situations as well as the development of the company and the members in the companyAs we can see from the COST Company case, in this case we can see that the Howard and Debrito using the fireside chat to help the employees understand each other as well as share the ideas for each other, however, when the fireside chat are famous in the organization, there exist some conflict s between the member, thus according to this situation, Debrito establishes the rules of the engagement which include the guidelines that to let the employees obey the rules for the meeting. Furthermore, during the fireside chat developing, Debrito established another team which is problem busting team.This team is established for solving the problems which discovered the in fireside chat, thus according to this situation we can see that leaders who is according to the situations of the organizational development. Furthermore, as we can see that, as the fireside chat developed, and after this the members find the information is limited to share and the employees have limited problems to share, according to this situation, the leaders reduce the frequency of the fireside chat times.Thus we can say that the leaders who is Howard and Debrito are using the situational leadership approach as well as the participative leadership approach, which ask the members to join the fireside chat an d share the ideas each other, and the leaders also adjust the leadership style according to the development of the fireside chat as well as the members emotions. Do you agree the project will succeed or not? As far as I am concerned I disagree with Algoma Howard that just has a Carlos Debrito in the Colorado project.As we can see from the case, Carlos Debrito is the employee who worked in the Alberta office in the COST Company, and he is respected by the employees in the COST Company, as we can see from the case he served in every possible line and staff position at COST Company, thus he know the COST Company well, for the each possible line and the staffs position. Furthermore, as we can see from the case, that he understand the problems what the staffs facing now, and the technical problems that the company facing now, thus he is an skilled as well as the experienced employees in the Alberta office in the COST Company.Furthermore, he worked 26 years old in the Alberta office in th e COST Company, and he knows the COST Company well. Moreover, as we can see from the case, Howard invited Debrito as the leaders in the Alberta project, and during the project, he point many methods to help the organization to achieve the goals, as well as to help them solving the conflict between the labors and the professionals. Although Debrito know how to solve the problems during the Alberta offices, Debrito know how to solve the conflict between labors and professions, and he has ability, he has knowledge and he a skilled as well as experienced employees and leaders.When happened in the Colorado the situations are different, as Debrito worked just in the Alberta office, and he do many researches on the Alberta office, and although he understand the problems of the employees, but he do not know the details in the Colorado office, thus if Howard just has Debrito in the Colorado project, as far as I am concerned it is not enough. The best way for the Howard is to invite the leade rs who understand the Colorado project well, and combine the leader with Debrito together to solving the problems and help the COST Company solving the problems as well as achieving the goals. . 0 Conclusion work team effectiveness What is team effectiveness? Team effectiveness refers to the system of getting people in a company or institution to work together effectively. The idea behind team effectiveness is that a group of people working together can achieve much more than if the individuals of the team were working on their own. (WiseGEEK, 2012) As we can see that it is better for the company to achieve the team working effectiveness, if the companies make the team effectiveness, they can solve the problems effectively and they can achieve the goals effectively as well.There are several ways for the organization to testing their team effectiveness, on the following paragraph I will focus on the methods what to testing the team effectiveness as well as give some recommendations for the COST Company to develop their team effectiveness. First of all, is the right mix skill, team effectiveness depends in part on bringing together people who have different skills that somehow balance each other. (WiseGEEK, 2012) as we can see that it is important for the company to bringing all the skilled, experienced together in a team to help the company solving to problems as well as to help them achieving the goals.Thus as we can see from the COST Company, when the Howard became the CEO in the Alberta office, he invited Debrito as a leader in the Altertas project, and Alberta is the employee who respect by the employees and he is the skilled people and experienced people. Moreover, as far as I am concerned, the COST Company should invite more skilled and experienced people, who can help the COST Company solving the problems as well as to help them achieve the goals.The second is the right motivation, team effectiveness is directly linked to the interest that the group has on the project. If the job is too easy or too difficult, or if the rewards for achieving the end result do not seem worth the effort, the team may end up working half-heartedly in the project. (WiseGEEK, 2012) As we can see that the motivations are very important to the team, if the team leaders always do the motivations for the employees, the employees will worked well and will help the organization solving the problems as well as to achieving the goals.Thus in the CSOT Company, the leaders in the organization should do a lot of things to do the motivations for the employees, make sure every employees are happy working in the organization, and to improve their working effectively. Last but not at least, is the ability to solve conflicts without compromising the quality of the project, the team work has one major downfall. Sometimes groups end up making decisions they know are not in the best interest of the project, just so they can keep the process moving.Conflict is innate t o any work done in group, and should be taken as part of the challenge rather than as something to be avoided by compromising. (WiseGEEK, 2012) as we can see that if want make the team effectiveness, the organization has to solving the problems of conflict, as we can see from the COST Company, in Alberta project, the leaders tried their best to solving the conflict between the labors and the professionals. Moreover, as far as I am concerned, the team has to solve more conflict between the labors.All in all, the organization want to make the team effectiveness, they must organize the skilled person together, and to provide the motivation for the employees, moreover, to solve the conflict in the organization. If the organization establishes the effectiveness team, they can solve the problems as well as to achieving the organization goals. Bibliography 1. Susan M. Heathfield (2012) what are the stages of team development Online Available at http//humanresources. about. com/od/teambuild ing/f/team_stages. htm (Accessed date 15th Nov, 2012) 2.MSG (2012) Team Development- meaning, stages and forming an effective team Online Available at http//www. managementstudyguide. com/team-development. htm (Accessed date 15th Nov, 2012) 3. Center for Management & fundamental law effectiveness (2012) Team Development & Team Building Online Available at http//www. cmoe. com/team-development. htm (Accessed date 15th Nov, 2012) 4. Harvard Business Review (2012) Choose the right leadership approach Online available at http//business. time. com/2012/07/27/choose-the-right-leadership-approach/ (Accessed date 15th, 2012) . JoomlArt (2012) Five Approaches to Leadership Online Available at http//www. roxburghmissionalnet. com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=139five-approaches&catid=45leadership&Itemid=89 (Accessed date 15th Nov, 2012) 6. WISEGEEK (2012) what is Team Effectiveness? Online Available at http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-team-effectiveness. ht mlbss (Accessed date 15th Nov, 2012) 7. Mind Tool Ltd (2012) Team Effectiveness Assessment Online Available at http//www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMM_84. htm (Accessed date 15th Nov, 2012)